World Alzheimer’s Day: Awareness and prevention in the face of the rise in dementias.

Every September 21, the world pauses to reflect on an issue that affects millions: Alzheimer's disease. On the occasion of World Alzheimer's Day, the aim is not only to raise public awareness about the importance of early diagnosis but also to promote timely intervention and control of risk factors that contribute to the development of dementias. In Peru, the figures are alarming: it is estimated that, in 2019, around 196,699 Peruvians suffered from some type of dementia, a number that could rise to 744,847 by the year 2050, with Alzheimer's being the most prevalent form.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized, in its early stages, by problems with recent memory and difficulties in naming objects and people. Over time, the situation worsens, affecting the individual's ability to carry out daily activities. In some cases, patients may also experience hallucinations and sleep disorders, which further complicate their situation. Although there are genetic forms of the disease, most cases are sporadic and linked to a variety of risk factors.

Recently, Dr. Rosa Montesinos, medical director of Equilibria and specialist in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, highlighted that the high-level commission of The Lancet has updated the list of risk factors for dementia. Two new factors have been added to the 12 pre-existing ones, which include low education, smoking, and obesity: decreased visual acuity and increased LDL cholesterol. This information is crucial for better understanding the elements that can influence the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

Modifying lifestyle habits has proven effective in reducing cases of dementia in developed countries. This evidence leads specialists to emphasize the importance of adopting healthy habits as a prevention strategy. In Latin America, Dr. Montesinos coordinates the LatAm FINGERS initiative, which seeks to implement intervention programs focused on lifestyle modification to prevent cognitive decline.

Multidomain intervention is an approach that has shown promising results in Peru. This method includes promoting a healthy diet, regular exercise, cognitive training, and monitoring cardiovascular risks. Through a two-year follow-up, participants have been periodically evaluated in various key areas, including their cognitive performance and cardiovascular health, using advanced techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging.

One of the highlights of this program is its personalized and systematic approach. Dr. Montesinos emphasizes that the success of these interventions relies on the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team that includes neurologists, geriatricians, psychiatrists, nurses, physical therapists, nutritionists, and neuropsychologists. This variety of professionals allows for a comprehensive approach that takes into account the multiple dimensions of the patient's health.

Moreover, physical intervention is complemented by exercise programs that aim not only to improve strength and endurance but also to maintain and enhance balance and coordination. On the other hand, cognitive intervention is carried out in a hybrid manner, combining traditional methods with the use of modern technology. This allows participants to access digital platforms and applications designed for cognitive training, representing a significant evolution in the approach to cognitive decline.

The implementation of multidomain intervention not only promises short-term benefits but can also contribute to a healthier and more active future for older adults. Improving the quality of life for those at risk of developing dementia is a shared responsibility that must be addressed by the community and the public health system.

The call to action is clear: it is essential for the population to be informed and to take measures to reduce the risk factors associated with dementia. With the support of initiatives like LatAm FINGERS and the collaboration of health professionals, a path can be paved toward a future where Alzheimer's and other dementias are faced with knowledge, prevention, and solidarity.