What is vascular dementia, a little-known brain condition with symptoms similar to Alzheimer's?

Vascular dementia is a disease that often remains in the shadow of the more well-known Alzheimer's disease, but it represents a growing concern in the field of public health. While Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia, vascular dementia is the second most frequent and can be equally devastating for those who suffer from it and their families. This condition is related to problems in the blood supply to the brain, leading to the death of brain cells and progressive cognitive decline.

Dr. Alejandro Andersson, a neurologist and medical director of the Buenos Aires Neurology Institute (INBA), has clarified that vascular dementia can arise from strokes, which distinguishes it from other forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s. "This type of dementia results from a decrease in blood flow to the brain, causing significant damage to nerve cells," explains Andersson, thus emphasizing the importance of understanding the risk factors that can lead to this disease.

The World Health Organization estimates that more than 55 million people worldwide suffer from dementia, with nearly ten million new cases detected each year. In this context, vascular dementia occupies a crucial place, as it can be preventable in many cases if vascular risk factors are adequately addressed.

Andersson points out that in Argentina, the problem of dementia becomes more evident each year, especially in a rapidly aging population. The data is alarming: around 77,000 new cases of dementia are diagnosed each year, with approximately 15,000 of vascular dementia. This represents a growing concern that deserves attention in the design of public health policies and in the creation of social awareness.

The causes of vascular dementia are diverse, including both large and small strokes, as well as conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. These conditions increase the risk of vascular problems that can lead to significant cognitive decline. In some cases, symptoms may appear suddenly, as in the case of a major stroke, while in others, they may develop slowly over time.

The symptoms of vascular dementia can vary depending on the part of the brain affected and may include memory problems, difficulties in planning and organization, changes in personality, and issues with gait and coordination. These symptoms are particularly concerning, as they can hinder the daily lives of those who experience them and are often confused with those of other forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s.

Proper diagnosis of vascular dementia is essential and is carried out through a thorough medical evaluation that includes the patient's medical history, neurological examinations, and imaging studies. Differentiating between vascular dementia and other forms, such as Alzheimer’s, is crucial for providing effective and targeted treatment.

Regarding treatment options, Andersson indicates that the focus is on controlling the risk factors that may have contributed to the disease. This may include medications to regulate blood pressure, cholesterol, and other factors, as well as the implementation of cognitive rehabilitation strategies and physical exercises. Comprehensive and multidisciplinary care is essential for effectively managing this condition.

Preventing vascular dementia is an aspect that cannot be ignored. According to Harvard Medical School, controlling chronic diseases, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, and engaging in regular physical activity are fundamental measures to reduce risk. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle not only benefits overall health but can also be a key strategy for preventing cognitive decline.

In summary, vascular dementia is a growing challenge that requires attention and understanding. As the global population ages, it is essential to implement prevention and early detection strategies to address this disease and its devastating consequences. Raising awareness about this condition can significantly contribute to improving the quality of life for millions of people worldwide.