Advances in Popocatépetl Research: Images from Inside the Volcano Reveal Unprecedented Details

Researchers from the Institute of Geophysics (IGF) at UNAM have succeeded in obtaining images of the interior of the Popocatépetl volcano using artificial intelligence (AI) to identify small seismic signals generated within the colossus. This technological advancement allows complementing ambient noise tomography that has been carried out to study the internal structure of the volcano. According to the experts, the network of seismic instruments around Popocatépetl provides images of the volcano's interior with unprecedented resolution. Through methods similar to those used in medical radiography, a detailed image of the volcano's internal structure is obtained based on changes in the velocities of seismic waves that traverse its interior. The research team employs two different methods: seismic interferometry, which uses ambient seismic noise, and monitoring of small tremor signals within the volcano through AI. These techniques improve the models that explain the functioning of Popocatépetl and provide valuable information for decision-making in civil protection and population safety matters. One of the highlights of this study is the obtaining of images of the volcano's internal structure up to 10 kilometers deep, revealing details about seismicity and anomalies indicating areas with higher velocity in the propagation of seismic waves. This provides a more complete and detailed view of the volcano's operation, demystifying the idea of a single magma chamber and highlighting the complexity of the conduits through which volcanic material moves. The collaboration between researchers such as Marco Calo, Leonarda I. Esquivel Mendiola, and Karina Bernal Manzanilla has been crucial in advancing the study of Popocatépetl. The implementation of AI systems to identify different types of tremors within the volcano has proven to be effective, allowing for the identification of seismic events with greater precision and speed compared to traditional methods. The joint work with the National Disaster Prevention Center (CENAPRED) is crucial to integrate technological advances into real-time monitoring of the volcano. Improvements in data acquisition and speed in information processing are challenges faced by researchers, with the aim of having more efficient and reliable monitoring systems. Popocatépetl is one of the most monitored volcanoes in the world due to its proximity to important populated areas. The cutting-edge technology used to review seismic, gas, acoustic, magnetic movements, among others, is essential to guarantee the safety of the population and anticipate possible eruption scenarios. In conclusion, the advancement in obtaining images of the interior of Popocatépetl through artificial intelligence represents a milestone in volcanic research in Mexico. The combination of traditional methods with innovative technologies allows for a greater understanding of the structure and operation of this iconic volcano, contributing to risk prevention and population protection against possible volcanic phenomena.