The Cement Era: 200 years of history, innovation, and environmental challenges

In a world where technological advancements, artificial intelligence, and digital connectivity are discussed, there is a material that has been fundamental in construction and has significantly shaped our environment: Portland cement. This year, that material celebrates 200 years since its official registration in 1824 by Joseph Aspdin, an English bricklayer who, upon observing its characteristic gray color, decided to name it after his homeland in Dorset. Since then, cement has been an essential part of our daily lives, present in homes, schools, roads, hospitals, and buildings of all kinds. Despite living in an era marked by technology and innovation, we are still immersed in what we could call the Cement Era. This material has been the foundation upon which the dreams and structures of modern civilization have been built. From ancient Roman constructions to contemporary skyscrapers, cement has been a protagonist in the history of architecture and engineering. Its versatility, strength, and malleability have made it a fundamental component in the construction of all types of buildings. In Spain, the use of cement dates back to emblematic constructions such as the Chipiona Lighthouse in 1867, the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, and the first concrete skyscraper, the Telefónica building in Madrid. Throughout the centuries, the desire to build has evolved alongside the available materials, from clay and wood to cement and reinforced concrete. Technological advances, the industrial revolution, and the need for more resilient and durable buildings have driven the research and development of new construction techniques. However, as we celebrate the achievements of cement in modern construction, we also face its negative impacts. Cement production is responsible for a large amount of CO2 emissions, significantly contributing to global warming. According to experts, the concrete industry must drastically reduce its emissions in the coming decades to meet international climate targets. In this context, there is a need to rethink the use of cement and seek more sustainable alternatives. The circular economy, recycling of construction materials, and research into less polluting materials are presented as possible solutions to mitigate the environmental impacts of the construction sector. It is essential that building regulations incorporate more sustainable practices and that innovation in the construction industry is encouraged. We are in a moment of transformation, where the paradigm of two centuries ago is no longer sufficient. It is essential to reconsider how we build our environment, prioritizing sustainability and respect for the environment. Cement has been a cornerstone in the history of construction, but now it is necessary to evolve towards more responsible and planet-friendly practices. Striking a balance between progress and sustainability is the key challenge for the future of construction.